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Chi-square

Chi-square

1. Aims and Learning Objectives

  • The aims of this workshop are to use SPSS to carry out a Chi-square test and produce a Crosstabulation.

After this workshop you will be able to:

  • Use SPSS to carry out a Chi-square test and produce a Crosstabulation.
  • Be able to read and understand the output tables for Chi-Square.
  • Be able to read and understand the Crosstabs table (crosstabulation).
  • Copy and paste the illustrative statistics into Microsoft Word.

2. Chi-Square

Chi-square tests for associations between categories of data. These categories are not manipulated they are surveyed, hence Chi-square is used for ‘nominal’ data.

Chi-squareChi-square

3. The Procedure

Chi-squareChi-square

Task 1: Follow the procedure and carry out a Chi-square test using data set 3.

4. Output for Chi-square

Chi-square
  • The first table to appear in the Output Window is the Case Processing Summary table.
  • This shows the number of valid cases, any missing cases and the total cases.
  • If you have more than 30% missing cells, your Chi-square will be deemed invalid.

Descriptive Statistics, Crosstabulation table

Chi-square
  • For the chi-square to be valid, all expected counts must be above 5.
  • The Count row represents the frequency of the observed or obtained data (the raw scores).
  • The Expected Count row is the Chi-square statistical expected count based on the data.
  • If the expected count and observed count are the same then it is unlikely that Chi-square will be significant. The more divergent the expected and observed count the more likely that Chi-square will be significant.
  • The % row gives a relative description of the data (thus describes the data).
  • As Happiness is our influencing variable we have asked for percentages of this row only.
  • Therefore 69.5% of the respondents who reported themselves as very happy say that they have no stress.

Task 2: Looking at the Crosstabulation would you agree that the happier you are the less stressful you are? Does it look likely that the Chi-square statistic test will be significant? (If needed refer back to the Chi-square descriptive statistics section.)

A quick example: look at the table above, the majority of those participants that are very happy experienced no perceived stress. From looking at a single cell in the table, you are closer to determining if there is an association between levels of happiness and stress.

Illustrative Statistics

The illustrative statistics illustrate the crosstabulation and display the above mentioned trends.

Chi-square

Inferential Statistics

Chi-square

Task 3: From this decide whether the association you formed from the cross tabulation tables is significant.

5. Importing into Microsoft Word

Task 4: Your task now is to import the crosstabulation into a Microsoft Word document. However, you need to go to Paste Special rather than Paste and select Picture, or choose copy objects rather than just copy, then paste.)

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