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How to apply for a research degree

To apply for a research degree, please make sure you fulfill the entry requirements and then complete the online research degree application form and upload your supporting documents.

You should have a good honours degree (2:1 or above) or masters degree or equivalent in the relevant subject area.

International applicants should be aware of our research degree English language requirements

Cell and Cryobiology Research Group

Cell and Cryobiology Research Group

  • D Lermen, B Blömeke, R Browne, A Clarke, P W Dyce, T Fixemer, G R Fuhr, W V Holt, K Jewgenow, R E Lloyd, S Lötters, M Paulus, G McGregor Reid, D H Rapoport, D Rawson, J Ringleb, O A Ryder, G Spörl, T Schmitt, M Veith and P Müller (2009). Cryobanking of viable biomaterials: implementation of new strategies for conservation purposes. Meeting Review. Molecular Ecology (2009) 18, 1030–1033.
  • C Lin, E Spikings, T Zhang and D M Rawson (2009) Effect of chilling and cryopreservation on expression of Pax genes in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos and blastomeres. Cryobiology, 59(1):42-7.
  • C-H Lin, E Spikings, T Zhang and D M Rawson (2009). Housekeeping genes for cryopreservation studies on zebrafish embryos and blastomeres. Theriogenology, 71(7),1147-1155.
  • C-H Lin, T Zhang and D M Rawson (2009). Cryopreservation of zebrafish (Danio rerio) blastomeres by controlled slow cooling. CryoLetters, 30(2), 132-141.

  • S Tsai, D M Rawson and T Zhang (2009). Studies on chilling sensitivity of early stage zebrafish (Danio rerio) ovarian follicles. Cryobiology, 58(3), 279-286.

  • S Tsai, D M Rawson and T Zhang (2009). Development of cryopreservation protocols for early stage zebrafish (Danio rerio) ovarian follicles using controlled slow cooling. Theriogenology, 71(8), 1226-1233.

  • T Zampolla, E Spikings, T Zhang, D M Rawson (2009). Effect of methanol and Me2SO exposure on mitochondrial activity and distribution in stage III ovarian follicles of zebrafish (Danio rerio). Cryobiology 59(2), 188-194.
  • T Zampolla , T Zhang , W V Holt and D M Rawson (2009). Distributional arrangement of mitochondria in the granulosa cells surrounding stage III zebrafish (Danio rerio) oocytes. Theriogenology 72(1), 111-119.

  • M Guan, D M Rawson and T Zhang (2008). Cryopreservation of zebrafish (Danio rerio) oocytes using improved controlled slow cooling protocols. Cryobiology, 56, 171-256.
  • S Tsai, D M Rawson and T Zhang (2008). Studies on cryoprotectant toxicity to early stage zebrafish (Danio rerio) ovarian follicles. CryoLetters, 477-483.

  • T Zhang, D M Rawson, L Tosti and O Carnevali (2008). Cathepsin activities and membrane integrity of zebrafish (Danio rerio) oocytes after freezing to -196oC using controlled slow cooling. Cryobiology, 56, 138-143.

  • Y Ding, T Zhang and D M Rawson (2008). Mediated amperometric whole-cell biosensors for rapid in situ screening of heavy metal contaminated soil. In Luo et al (eds). Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on Soil Pollution and Remediation, 209-215.

  • T Zampolla, T Zhang and D M Rawson (2008). Evaluation of zebrafish (Danio rerio) ovarian follicle viability by simultaneous staining with fluorescein diacetate and propidium iodide. CryoLetters, 29, 463-475.
  • R Wang, M Guan, D M Rawson and T Zhang (2007). Ultrasound enhanced methanol penetration of zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos measured by permittivity changes using impedance spectroscopy. European Biophysics Journal, 37, 1039-1044.
  • M Guan, D M Rawson and T Zhang (2007). Development of a new method for isolating zebrafish oocytes (Danio rerio) from ovaries mass. Theriogenology, 69, 269-275.

  • C Lin, T Zhang, G Elgar and D Rawson (2007). Initial studies on cryopreservation and gene expression in isolated blastomeres of zebrafish (Danio rerio). Cryobiology, 55, 365.

  • T Zhang, D M Rawson, I Pekarsky, I Blais and E Lubzens (2007). Low temperature preservation of fish gonad cells and oocytes. In P. J. Babin, J. Cerda and E Lubzens (Eds) 'The Fish Oocyte: From Basic Studies to Biotechnological Applications', Kluwer Academic Publishers B.V., 411-436.
  • J Kopeika, E Kopeika, T Zhang and D M Rawson (2006). Cryopreservation of sperm of loach (Misgurnus fossilis). In M.P. Herraez, V. Robles and E Cabrita (Eds) ‘Protocols for the cryopreservation of sperm from marine and freshwater species’. CRC Press, 323-328.
  • R Y Wang, T Zhang, Q-Y Bao and D M Rawson (2006). Study on fish embryo responses to the treatment of cryoprotective chemicals using impedance spectroscopy. European Biophysics Journal, 35, 224-230.
  • J Kopeika, D M Rawson and T Zhang (2006). Preliminary study on modification of yolk sec of zebrafish embryos (Danio rerio) using microinjection. CryoLetters, 27, 319-328.

  • T Zhang, R Y Wang, Q-Y Bao and D M Rawson (2006). Development of a new rapid measurement technique for fish embryo membrane permeability studies using impedance spectroscopy. Theriogenology, 66, 982-988.

  • H Wex, D Rawson. and T Zhang. (2005). Use of biosensor and impedance spectroscopy assays to investigate the influence of temperature on E. coli sensitivity to 3,5-dichlorophenol. Bioelectrochem. Acta, 51, 5157-5162.
  • T Zhang, D M Rawson and G Elgar (2005). Effect of cryopreservation on mitochondrial DNA of zebrafish (Danio rerio) blastomere cells. Mutation Research - Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis, 570, 49 – 61.
  • T Zhang, H Wex, D M Rawson and R S Thompson (2005). Rapid ecotoxicological testing using transformed BF-2 cell lines incorporating luminescent reporter genes. Toxicology in vitro, 19(6), 797-803.
  • T Zhang, A Isayeve, S L Adams and D M Rawson. Studies on membrane permeability of zebrafish (Danio rerio) oocytes in the presence of different cryoprotectants. Cryobiology, 50, 285-293.
  • S L Adams, T Zhang and D M Rawson. The effect of external medium composition on membrane water permeability of zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. Theriogenology, 64,1591-1602.
  • J Kopeika, T Zhang, D M Rawson and G Elgar. Effect of cryopreservation on mitochondrial DNA of zebrafish (Danio rerio) blastomere cells. Mutation Research - Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis, 570, 49 – 61, 2005.
  • A Isayeva, T Zhang and D M Rawson. Studies on chilling sensitivity of zebrafish (Danio rerio) oocytes. Cryobiology, 49, 114-122, 2004
  • M Plachinta, T Zhang and D M Rawson. Studies on cryoprotectant toxicity to zebrafish (Danio rerio) oocytes. CryoLetters, 25, 415-424, 2004
  • T Zhang. Cryopreservation of gametes and embryos of aquatic species. In B Fuller, N Lane and E Benson (Eds) Life in the Frozen State, Taylor and Francis, London, 415-435, 2004.
  • J Kopeika, E Kopeika, T Zhang, D M Rawson and W V Holt. Effect of DNA repair inhibitor (3-aminobenzamide) on genetic stability of loach(Misgurnus fossilis) embryos derived from cryopreserved sperm. Theriogenology, 61, 1661-1673, 2004.
  • J Kopeika. The effect of cryopreservation on the genome of fish reproductive cells. PhD thesis. University of Luton, 2003.
  • J Kopeika, T Zhang, D M Rawson and G Elgar. Effect of cryopreservation on mitochondrial DNA of zebrafish (Danio rerio)blastomere cells. Cryobiology, 47, 269-270, 2003.
  • T Zhang, M Plachinta, A Isayeva and D M Rawson. Studies on zebrafish (Danio rerio) oocytes sensitivity to chilling and cryoprotectant toxicity. Cryobiology, 47, 259, 2003.
  • J Kopeika, E Kopeika, T Zhang and D M Rawson. Studies on the toxicity of dimethyl sulfoxide, ethylene glycol, methanol and glycerol to loach (Misgurnus fossilis) sperm and the effect on subsequent embryo development. Cryoletters, 24, 365-374, 2003.
  • J Kopeika, E Kopeika, T Zhang, D M Rawson and W V Holt. Detrimental effect of loach (Misgurnus fossilis) sperm cryopreservation on subsequent embryo development are reversed by incubating fertilised eggs in caffeine. Cryobiology, 46, 43-52, 2003.
  • T Zhang, X-H Liu and D M Rawson. Effects of methanol and developmental arrest on chilling injury in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. Theriogenology, 59, 1545-1556, 2003.
  • T Zhang and D M Rawson. Cryopreservation of luc gene transfected bluegill sunfish fibroblast cell line. Cryo-Letters, 23, 191-196, 2002.
  • R Billard and T Zhang. Techniques of genetic resource banking in fish. pp.156-170. In: P F Watson and W V Holt (eds.) Cryobanking the genetic resource. Wildlife conservation for the future? Taylor and Francis, London, 2001.
  • J Kopeika, T Zhang, E Kopeika, W V Holt and D M Rawson. Indirect evidence of genetic effect of cryopreservation on the sperm of loach (Misgurnus fossilis). Cryobiology, 43, 338, 2001.
  • X-H Liu, T Zhang and D M Rawson. Differential scanning calorimetry studies of intraembryonic freezing and cryoprotectant penetration in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. Journal of Experimental Zoology, 290, 299-310, 2001.
  • T Zhang, A Bentley and D M Rawson. Cryopreservation of luc gene transfected bluegill sunfish fibroblasts cell line. Cryo-Letters, 22, 81-82, 2001.
  • X-H Liu, T Zhang and D M Rawson. Effect of cooling rate and partial removal of yolk on the chilling injury in zebrafish (Dani rerio) embryos. Theriogenology, 55, 1719-1731, 2001.
  • X-H Liu, T Zhang and D M Rawson. Differential scanning calorimetry study on the characterisation of intraembryonic freezing and cryoprotectant penetration in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. Cryobiology, 41, 355-356, 2000.
  • D M Rawson, T Zhang, D Kalicharan and W L Jongebloed. FE-SEM and TEM studies of the chorion, plasma membrane and syncytial layers of the gastrula stage embryo of the zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio): a consideration of the structural and functional relationship with respect to cryoprotectant penetration. Aquaculture Research, 31, 325-336, 2000.
  • X-H Liu. Studies on limiting factors relating to the cryopreservation of fish embryos. PhD Thesis, University of Luton, March 2000.
  • X-H Liu, T Zhang and D M Rawson. Effects of cooling rates and anoxia on the chilling sensitivity of zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. Cryobiology, 39, 318-319,1999.
  • X-H Liu, T Zhang and D M Rawson. The effect of partial removal of yolk on the chilling sensitivity of zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. Cryobiology, 39, 236-242, 1999.
  • X-H Liu. Studies on limiting factors relating to the cryopreservation of fish embryos. PhD Thesis, University of Luton, March 2000.
  • X-H Liu, T T Zhang and D M Rawson. Effects of cooling rates and anoxia on the chilling sensitivity of zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. Cryo-Letters, 19, 309-318, 1998.
  • D Kalicharan, W L Jongebloed, D M Rawson and T T Zhang. Variation in fixation techniques for field emission SEM and TEM of zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio) embryo inner and outer membranes. J. Electron. Microsc., 47(6), 645-658, 1998.
  • I Stokroos, D Kalicharan, D M Rawson and T T Zhang. Non-coating and cryo- FE-SEM of zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio) embryo blastodermal cells and syncytial layer. Proc. Dutch Soc. for Microscopy, 98, 100-102, 1998.
  • X-H Liu, T T Zhang and D M Rawson. Feasibility of vitrification of zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos using methanol. Cryo-Letters, 19, 309-318, 1998.
  • T T Zhang and D M Rawson. Permeability of dechorionated 1-cell and 6-somite stage zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio) embryos to water and methanol. Cryobiology, 32, 239-246, 1998.
  • T T Zhang, D M Rawson and W L Jongebloed. Further studies on zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio) embryo membranes: permeability and ultra-structure. Cryo-Letters, 3, 65, 1998.
  • D Kalicharan, W L Jongebloed, T T Zhang and D M Rawson. The zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio) egg/embryo inner and outer membrane: A FE-SEM and TEM investigation. Part 1: Chorion. In: Belendsen W (ed) Jaarboek NVvM'97. Karstens Drukker, Leiden, 96-98, 1997.
  • W L Jongebloed, D Kalicharan, T T Zhang and D M Rawson. The zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio) egg/embryo inner and outer membrane: A FE-SEM and TEM investigation. Part 2: Fixation regimes. In: Berendsen W (ed) Jaarboek NVvM'97, Karstens Drukker, Leiden, 94-96, 1997.
  • X-H Liu, T T Zhang and D M Rawson. A preliminary study on vitrification of intact zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio) embryos using methanol. Cryobiology, 35(4), 372, 1997.
  • D M. Rawson, T T Zhang and W Jongebloed. Structure-permeability relationships of the chorion and vitelline membranes of zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio) embryos. Cryo-Letters, 18(2), 67, 1997.
  • T T Zhang, G Maisse and D M Rawson. Preliminary studies on the cryopreservation of red blood cells of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and European catfish (Silurus glanis L.). Cryo-Letters, 17(6), 303-308, 1996.
  • T T Zhang and D M Rawson. Permeability of the vitelline membrane of zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio) embryos to methanol and propane-1,2-diol. Cryo-Letters, 17(6), 273-280, 1996.
  • T T Zhang and D M Rawson. Feasibility studies on vitrification of zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio) embryos. Cryobiology, 33, 1-13, 1996.
  • T T Zhang and D M Rawson. Preliminary studies on vitelline membrane permeability of zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio) embryos. Cryo-Letters, 16, 319, 1995.
  • T T Zhang and D M Rawson. Studies on chilling sensitivity of zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio) embryos. Cryobiology, 32, 239-246, 1995.
  • T T Zhang. Investigations into the cryopreservation of zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio) embryos. PhD Thesis, University of Luton, 1994.
  • T T Zhang and D M Rawson. Cryoprotectant toxicity and permeability studies on zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio) embryos. Cryobiology, 6, 640, 1993.
  • T T Zhang, D M Rawson and G J Morris. Cryopreservation of pre-hatch embryos of zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio). Aquatic Living Resources, 6, 145-153, 1993.

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Bedfordshire University

Research» Institute of Biomedical and Environmental Science and Technology» Outputs» Cell and Cryobiology Research Group