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University of Bedfordshire
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How to apply for a research degree

To apply for a research degree, please make sure you fulfill the entry requirements and then complete the online research degree application form and upload your supporting documents.

You should have a good honours degree (2:1 or above) or masters degree or equivalent in the relevant subject area.

International applicants should be aware of our research degree English language requirements

Young people

Children and young people


The following text is a synopsis of the extensive information provided on the Health & Safety Executive's (HSE) web-site relating to young people at work:

Multiple links to that web-site are provided so that it is easy to obtain further information.

Children and young people

Health and safety law defines people by age:

  • a young person is anyone under eighteen years of age (young people);
  • a child is anyone who is not over compulsory school age. He or she has not yet reached the official age at which they may leave school.

Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999

The first two clauses of regulation 19 (Protection of young people) are reproduced from Statutory Instrument 1999 No. 3242 and are Crown Copyright:

(1) Every employer shall ensure that young persons employed by him are protected at work from any risks to their health or safety which are a consequence of their lack of experience, or absence of awareness of existing or potential risks or the fact that young persons have not yet fully matured.

(2) Subject to paragraph (3), no employer shall employ a young person for work -

(a) which is beyond his physical or psychological capacity;
(b) involving harmful exposure to agents which are toxic or carcinogenic, cause heritable genetic damage or harm to the unborn child or which in any other way chronically affect human health;
(c) involving harmful exposure to radiation;
(d) involving the risk of accidents which it may reasonably be assumed cannot be recognised or avoided by young persons owing to their insufficient attention to safety or lack of experience or training; or
(e) in which there is a risk to health from - (i) extreme cold or heat; (ii) noise; or (iii) vibration, and in determining whether work will involve harm or risks for the purposes of this paragraph, regard shall be had to the results of the assessment.

The Management of Health & Safety at Work Regulations 1999 requires employers to:

  • assess risks to all young people under 18 years of age, before they start work;
  • ensure the risk assessment takes into account their psychological or physical immaturity, inexperience, and lack of awareness of existing or potential risks;
  • introduce control measures to eliminate or minimise the risks, so far as is reasonably practicable.

In addition, employers should:

  • let the parents/carers of any children below the minimum school leaving age know the key findings of the risk assessment and the control measures introduced, before the child starts work or work experience. 
  • address certain specified factors in the risk assessment;
  • take account of the risk assessment in deciding whether the young people should be prohibited from certain work activities, except in specified circumstances.

Risk assessment particular to children and young people

Before employing a young person, the health and safety risk assessment must take into account:

  • the fitting-out and layout of the workplace and the particular site where they will work;
  • the nature of any physical, biological and chemical agents they will be exposed to, for how long and to what extent;
  • what types of work equipment will be used and how this will be handled;
  • how the work and processes involved are organised;
  • the need to assess and provide health and safety training; and
  • risks from the particular agents, processes and work.

The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations require that young people are protected at work from risks to their health and safety which are a consequence of the following factors:

  • physical or psychological capacity
  • pace of work
  • temperature extremes, noise or vibration
  • radiation  [external link to HSE web-site]
  • compressed air and diving
  • hazardous substances  [external link to HSE web-site]
  • lack of training and experience.
Radiation

LIRANS does not carry out work with ionizing radiation, but restrictions also apply to the use of non-ionizing radiation sources.  Within this category, laser and ultraviolet light sources are particularly relevant.  There is no reason to believe that such sources are more harmful to young people than to others - but young people may be less aware of the risks posed and more willing to take unacceptable risks.

Hazardous substances

The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 regulation 19(2)(b) particularly restricts young people's work involving exposure to agents which are toxic, carcinogenic, cause heritable damage or harm to the unborn child or have a chronic effect on health.

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Bedfordshire University

Research» Students» Young people